傅国涌
1919年以后,蒋梦麟主持北大达17年之久,北大之所以能成为一所现代性的大学,与他的努力也是分不开的。
这位出生在浙江余姚一个小村庄的教育家,从少年时代起所接受的大部分都是西式教育,先后在绍兴中西学堂及上海、余姚的教会学校求学,进入浙江高等学堂时他已能够读英文原版的世界史。1903年,他19岁那年考中秀才,1904年考入上海南洋公学。在急剧变动的大时代,在新与旧、中学与西学、维新与革命之间,他“尚未成熟的心灵”终于看清楚了——“西化的潮流已经无法抗拒”。1908年,他考取官费留美资格,留美近十年,成为杜威的学生,1917年获得哥伦比亚大学哲学及教育学博士学位。
回国之初,蒋梦麟曾办过《新教育》月刊,提倡新的教育思想,强调教育要按照学生的要求设计,目标是“养成健全之个人,创造进化的社会”,仅仅六个月发行量就达到一万份。由于这个刊物与北大师生“知识上的密切关系”, 1919年初,他被聘为北大教育系教授。
1919年“五四”运动发生后,蔡元培离京南下。 7月23日,蒋梦麟受蔡先生托付代理北大校务,这时他不过三十出头。在北大学生欢迎会上,他第一次发表了有关他办学思想的演说。他指出:国家民族的地位是由历代文化积聚起来的,不是朝夕所能成。“故救国之要道,在从事增进文化的基础工作,而以自己的学问功夫为立脚点。”这些观点成为蒋梦麟以后一直遵循的办学方针。
除了三度代行校长职权,蒋梦麟长期担任北大总务长,主持日常事务,是蔡元培治校的得力助手,他们共同把北大引上了现代大学的轨道。在他们主持下“学术自由、教授治校,以及无畏地追求真理”成为北大的三项治校准则。同时,他还认为学生自治会应该受到鼓励,“以实现民主精神。” 他在1923年写的《北大之精神》一文中把北大精神概括为两点,一是大度包容,二是思想自由。
他代理校长期间,也就是“五四”以后的七年,面对连绵不断的军阀混战,风起云涌的学生运动,而且始终为经费问题所困扰。如果没有高度负责的精神,没有勇挑重担的态度,要在政治风云变幻莫测的年头,要使北大能始终稳步发展是难以想象的。“为着本校的维持,我仍旧愿负这责任,虽生死以之可也。”就是他当年对全体教师说的话,他的道德威望、他的人格风范虽然无法与蔡元培相比,但他是一个有担当、能负责的人,一个做事的人。他曾感叹:那时当大学校长真伤透脑筋。政府只有偶然发点经费,往往一欠就是一两年。学生要求更多的行动自由,政府则要求维持秩序,严守纪律。出了事,不论在校内校外,校长都得负责。发生游行、示威时,大家马上找到校长,不是要他阻止这一边,就是要他帮助那一边。日夜奔忙的唯一报酬,就是他两鬓迅速增加的白发。这些感慨,无疑是蒋梦麟代理北大校长期间的切身体会。
作为职业教育家,他对无休止的罢课很不以为然。1920年5月4日,他曾和胡适联名发表《我们对于学生的希望》,态度很明白。他们表示学生运动是变态的社会国家里,政府太腐败卑劣,又缺乏正式的纠正机关所致。但他们认为单靠罢课作武器是下下策,希望学生注重学问的生活、团体的生活、社会服务的生活。一句话,就是希望学生以学业为重。
1926年,北京发生震惊中外的“三·一八”惨案,北大有三位学生惨遭杀戮,蒋梦麟悲愤欲绝。3月24日,他在北大全体师生参加的追悼大会上沉痛地说:“在我代理校长任内,学生举行爱国运动,不幸有此次之大牺牲,李、黄、张三生之死,就其各人之家庭言,均损失一贤子孙,其家属接此种凶耗,不知如何痛心;就国家社会言,损失如许求专门知识之良好学生,此种学生之培植,由小学而大学,殊不易易,将来即少如许有用之材;就同学方面言,大家亦损失许多互相切磋琢磨之朋友。任就一方面言之,均损失不小。我任校长,使人家之子弟,社会国家之人材,同学之朋友,如此牺牲,而又无法避免与挽救,此心诚不知如何悲痛!” 说到这里他“潸然泪下”。接着,他对政府的暴行进行了猛烈的抨击,他说:“处此人权旁落,豺狼当道之时,民众与政府相搏,不啻与虎狼相斗,终必为虎狼所噬。古人谓苛政猛于虎,有慨乎其言矣!”话未说完,他“不禁放声大哭,台下致祭者亦有相对痛哭者,一时全场顿成惨淡悲哀景象。”
3月26日,他发出布告:“本校定本月30日开学,因此次同学惨死,开学后停课一星期,以志哀悼。”
这是一贯不赞成学生从事政治活动的校长,面对政府杀害自己学生时的态度,有了这些真实、生动的历史记录,我想其他的话都是多余的了。
1930年12月,蒋梦麟正式出任北大校长。他延聘大批留学生来校任教,并按照美国的大学教育制度,对旧的教学和科学研究制度进行了大刀阔斧的改革。实行教授专任,推行学分制,要求毕业生撰写论文并授予学位,追求高等教育的正规化,提出了“教授治学,学生求学,职员治事,校长治校”的口号。在他领导下,30年代的北大,教学科研水平都有明显提高。
这一时期正是民族危亡之秋,作为校长他不仅要忙于校务,还要花很多时间、精力应付日本方面的骚扰。“九一八”事变后,日寇步步进逼,迅速向长城以内推进,占领河北北部,成立所谓的“自治政府”,并鼓吹推行华北“自治”。在这一紧急关头,北大教授联名发表宣言,声明誓死反对所谓的华北“自治运动”,他也是签名者之一,甚至差一点被劫持到大连去。宋哲元派人劝他离开北平,但他坚持留在北大负起自己的责任。直到抗日战争全面爆发,他“一直把握着北大之舵,竭智尽能,希望把这学问之舟平稳渡过中日冲突中的惊涛骇浪。”卢沟桥事变后,北大南迁,与清华、南开合组长沙临时大学,后迁往昆明,改名为国立西南联合大学,由三校校长蒋梦麟、梅贻琦、张伯苓组成常委会共同主持校务,历时9年,写下了民族教育史上的辉煌篇章。蒋梦麟回忆:“在动乱时期主持一个大学本来就是头痛的事,在战时主持大学校务自然更难,尤其是要三个个性不同、历史各异的大学共同生活,而且三校各有思想不同的教授们,各人有各人的意见……幸靠同仁们的和衷共济,我们才把这条由混杂水手操纵的危舟渡过惊涛骇浪。”其中当然凝结着他的一份心血、智慧与汗水。
从1919年到1945年,蒋梦麟前后在北大工作了20多年,主持校政17年,在北大校史上是绝无仅有的。以他的渊博学识和精明干练,在那黑暗而动荡的乱世中国,克服重重困难,坚持办学,使北大的教学与科研水平稳步上升,这一奇迹是与他的办学思想分不开的。他说在北大任职期间,蔡元培先生有关大学教育的主张和学术自由的原则,他始终谨记在心,遵照执行。晚年他在未完成的《新潮》一书中深情回忆:“著者大半光阴,在北京大学度过,在职之年,但知谨守蔡校长余绪,把学术自由的风气,维持不堕。”
1/21/2007
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